assalamualaikumpadavideo pembelajaran kali ini saya bagikan materi bahasa inggris chapter 3 yaitu We know What to Do sub Chapter State rules and obligations Manyother state and federal regulators in the United States quickly embraced these rules as the gold standard for cybersecurity regulation, and subsequently adopted similar requirements. International regulators have also looked to Part 500 for guidance in designing their cyber regulations. Several new notification obligations are also TheCOVID-19 pandemic has shifted a number of previously in-person positions to remote work and telecommuting. In the meantime, many employees have moved out of state from their usual office locations for personal or financial reasons. As a result, many employers are left wondering what their legal obligations are for remote employees working out of state. The biggest concerns are local TOSTATE RULES AND OBLIGATIONS Diposting oleh Kun Handayani di 05.29. Kirimkan Ini lewat Email BlogThis! Berbagi ke Twitter Berbagi ke Facebook Bagikan ke Pinterest. Tidak ada komentar: Posting Komentar. Posting Lebih Baru Posting Lama Beranda. Langganan: Posting Komentar (Atom) Mengenai Saya. Kun Handayani Inaddition to the general and cross-cutting obligations and principles exposed in the preceding section, the CESCR has identified three types or levels of obligations that apply to the substantive rights under the ICESCR: 1) The obligation to respect, requiring States to refrain from measures or conduct that hinder or prevent the enjoyment of rights; 2) The obligation to protect, which requires States to act to prevent third parties, such as businesses or armed groups, from interfering with thefulfilment of the obligations of the responsible State under these articles. This is the province of the secondary rules of State responsibility. (4) A number of matters do not fall within the Therights accorded to states under international law imply responsibilities. States are liable for breaches of their obligations, provided that the breach is attributable to the state itself. A state is responsible for direct violations of international law—e.g., the breach of a treaty or the violation of another state's territory. A state also is liable for breaches committed by its internal institutions, however they are defined by its domestic law; by entities and persons exercising Tostate rules and obligation adalah untuk menyatakan aturan dan kewajiban dalam bahasa Inggris. Contoh dialog menyatakan aturan dan kewajiban. Theinternationally wrongful act, defined as the violation by a State of an international obligation, ceases to be the homogeneous legal concept of the first part of the draft adopted on first reading by the International Law Commission, but instead breaks down into a multiplicity of acts. Type On14 May 2020, the European Commission published a working paper on the interpretation of State aid and public service obligations in the aviation sector in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. This document does not modify the existing legal framework but extends its interpretation and lists the legal options available for the public financing of airports and air routes. Unpaidleave, as there are no provision in New York state legislature compelling an employer to provide paid leave. If an employer has 10 or more employees, the reimbursement fee of $40.00 per diem, for the first 3 days of jury duty, are to be paid to the employee by the employer. You will receive a nominal jury duty payment from the State of Lets learn about expressions that can be use to ask-give suggestion, and how to state rules and obligations StateControl over Private Military and Security Companies in Armed Conflict - August 2011 Stateobligations to fulfil transcend any such policy choice. This leads to the second point, that the State decision to marketise an essential rights resource necessitates that market regulation be designed so as to fulfil universal access to the right, very possibly in tandem with other interventions such as continued direct provision of Itis a state-by-state determination for income tax withholding, income tax reporting, unemployment and business considerations. Let's start with the broad, general rule: An employer has tax and business registration obligations in the state in which the employee is physically present while working, regardless of the employer's location. sFfx2. The city’s vibrant array of hotels, restaurants, bars, boutiques and malls, museums, theatres, concert and sports venues, popular attractions and more are open at full capacity and ready to serve all comers. Things to know before you go As the city gets back into the swing of things, there are still a few key things to keep in mind to ensure a safe and seamless Montréal experience Wearing a mask or face covering is now only mandatory in certain indoor public places. And if you’re thinking of taking the scenic route by making a road trip to Montréal, not only do we think that’s a fabulous idea, but we’ve even prepared essential road trip pro tips for drivers coming from the United States and for those motoring from Toronto and area. And for those planning to cruise around town once you’re here, we’ve also got a helpful guide to the ins and outs of driving in Montréal. Preparing your trip to Montréal Good news! All COVID-19 border measures have been lifted, and all international travellers are now eligible to enter Canada, regardless of citizenship If you’re planning a road trip to Montréal from the US, be sure to read our comprehensive guide to making a great drive even greater. If you’re planning to drive from the Toronto region, don’t load the car before reading these essential road trip pro tips. Already in Montréal? Welcome and enjoy! The following is a quick rundown of some of the many things you can do during your time in Montréal. Hotels and transportation Whether it’s of the major chain or swanky boutique variety, Montréal’s multitude of amazing hotels you’ve got 25,000 rooms to choose from, and accommodation establishments of all types, are open, accessible and at your service. As far as getting around goes, buses, the subway or metro as we call it here, ferries, taxis, car services, etc. are the way to go. Restaurants Montréal’s world-renowned restaurants are back to blowing minds with their culinary excellence. Bars, breweries and casinos Nightlife at Montréal’s many bars, breweries and at its casino is back! If you’ve never been, you absolutely must treat yourself to a visit to the utterly one-of-a-kind Casino de Montréal, with its four restaurants of fine dining and live entertainment. Stores, markets and shopping centres All your favourite chic boutiques and trendy shops, one-of-a-kind farmer’s markets like the incomparable Atwater Market and renowned Jean-Talon Market and next-level shopping centres including those that are linked to Montréal’s world-famous Underground City are all open for business. Museums and galleries The city’s numerous museums and galleries are open and happy to share their newest exhibitions. It’s also important to note that some museums might ask that you book your visit in advance. Amusement parks, recreation centres, zoological gardens and aquariums Take advantage of Montréal’s dizzying array of recreational activities or other must-visit MTL mainstays such as the Biodôme or the Botanical Garden. Just check if you need to reserve your tickets before you go. Cultural events, shows and performances Live music concerts, theatre and dance performances and movie theatres are back in full swing. We’ve also welcomed back fans at sports events in arenas and stadiums check out the city’s beloved Montreal Canadiens, or Habs as we call them, at the Bell Centre. Official information sources For specific questions regarding guidelines and government regulations, or about travel to and within Montréal, we recommend consulting these sites for official, up-to-date information Government of Canada travel and borders YUL Montréal-Trudeau International Airport guidelines for arrivals and departures Canada Border Services Agency travel advisories, border measures Ville de Montréal current situation in Montréal Société de transport de Montréal STM guidelines for public transit VIA Rail train travel, service status Montreal is Quebec's most populous city, the financial center, and a thriving multicultural hub of activity. Quebec City, situated 158 miles 255 kilometers up the Saint Lawrence River, is a unique and historic city as well as the provincial capital. Canada does not have high-speed trains, so whether you drive, use a bus, or take the train, it will take you about three hours to travel between Montreal and Quebec City. If you are traveling during the busy holiday season, taking the train may be faster than driving or taking the bus because at least you won't get stuck in traffic. If you're in a rush, it's a 45-minute flight between the cities, but you should also factor in how much time it will take you to get to and from the airport. If saving money is your priority, the bus is the best choice. Ultimately, deciding which way to get from Montreal to Quebec City comes down to two factors price and travel style. Time Cost Best For Train 3 hours, 15 minutes from $40 Enjoying the journey Bus 3 hours, 15 minutes from $25 Traveling on a budget Flight 45 minutes from $90 one-way Arriving quickly Car 2 hours, 45 minutes 158 miles 255 kilometers Exploring along the way What Is the Cheapest Way to Get From Montreal to Quebec City? For the cheapest transport, taking a bus is the best option, but only if you book tickets early. Orléans Express is the only bus company that operates regular service between Montreal and Quebec City, with one or two stops in between. If you buy your tickets early enough, the promotional price is just $25. However, these tickets quickly sell out and you may have to pay the full fare, which is about $56. Buses leave about once an hour from 10 to 11 and feature reclining seats, free Wi-Fi, an onboard bathroom, and electrical outlets. Accounting for traffic, you should expect the ride to take between three to four hours. For the best prices, Orléans Express recommends booking your ticket at least eight days in advance. What Is the Fastest Way to Get From Montreal to Quebec City? Flying is the fastest way to get to Quebec City. The flight is only 45 minutes, so it's ideal for travelers who are on a tight schedule. However, once you factor in all of the additional time to get to and from the airport and navigate security, the time difference between flying and driving may not be that significant. Air Canada, PAL Airlines, and regional airline Pascan, all operate direct flights between Montreal and Quebec City. One-way flights typically start around $90 but prices can skyrockets if you don't book well in advance, or book with a smaller air carrier. You're more likely to find lower fares if you book at least a month or two in advance. Most flights leave from Montréal-Trudeau International Airport, which is about a 30-minute drive or a 40-minute train ride from the Montreal Bus Terminal. However, Pascan flights are non-commercial 15-passenger planes that leave from the much smaller Saint-Hubert Longueuil Airport, so make sure you pay attention to which airport you're leaving from when buying your tickets. Tickets purchased through Pascan also tend to be more expensive than those bought with Air Canada or PAL How Long Does It Take to Drive? There are two main options for driving between Montreal and Quebec City, both of which take about three hours. The slightly quicker route is along Highway 20 on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River; however, this route is dull and lacking charm. One advantage of taking this route is the authentic poutine at Fromagerie Lemaire just outside of Drummondville. Being a cheese-making operation, the cheese curds are homemade and the french fries, of course, are fresh cut. The north shore route along Highway 40 is slightly more scenic, as it runs closer to the river shore and has more small towns with pretty double-spired churches. Trois-Rivieres, about halfway between Montreal and Quebec City, makes a pleasant stop on the north shore. Be aware that driving in Quebec in winter can be challenging, especially for inexperienced drivers. Snow tires are mandatory in Quebec for a reason, so educate yourself on proper winter driving and make sure you're familiar with the rules of the road of driving in Canada. How Long Is the Train Ride? VIA Rail is Canada's national passenger railway and provides daily service between downtown Montreal and Quebec City. Depending on how many stops there are on your itinerary, the journey should only take between three and four hours. And while the train ride is not particularly scenic, it is comfortable, reliable, and convenient. VIA Rail offers five different ticket classes Escape, Economy, Economy Plus, Business, and Business Plus. Escape fares are the cheapest because they are non-refundable, while Business and Business Plus fares are refundable and include complimentary meals, lounge access, and priority boarding. No matter which fare you choose, you will be able to access and use the train's complimentary Wi-Fi. When Is the Best Time to Travel to Quebec City? Since winter is brutally cold, the best time to visit Quebec City is in the summer. The weather is warm but rarely uncomfortably hot, and the locals take full advantage of the sunshine by hosting back-to-back festivals all season long. Of course, summer is also the tourist high season, and transportation methods all go up in price along with hotels. Aim for visiting in May or early June to balance out good weather with fewer crowds. If you can withstand the freezing temperatures, winter in Quebec City offers its own special charm. The nearby mountains are open for skiing and the February Winter Carnival is one of the biggest annual events in the city. Can I Use Public Transportation to Travel From the Airport? The Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport is 9 miles 15 kilometers from downtown Quebec City, which is about a 25-minute drive. Unlike Montreal, there's no train service from the airport so your only public transportation option is to take the bus, which will most likely require at least one transfer and will take you over an hour. Compared to other city airports, Quebec City's Airport is not too far out of the way and it's probably worth it to take a cab or ride-share to your hotel. What Is There to Do in Quebec City? With cobblestone streets, fortified walls, and castles, Quebec City is probably North America's most European city. The historic district has even been declared UNESCO World Heritage site and is the third oldest city on the continent. The city's main tourist attractions are La Citadelle de Québec, the Parliament building, and Montmorency Falls, just outside of downtown. For the best view of the city skyline, head to Pierre-Dugua-De-Mons Terrace. There are also a number of museums worth visiting such as the Museum of Civilization, the Érico Chocolate Museum, and more. A guided tour may be a good idea if you want to make the most of your trip and learn as much as you can. The Quebec City and Montmorency Falls daytrip from Montreal is a full-day sightseeing tour with a local licensed guide, highlighting Quebec City's top attractions. Another option that allows more time in Quebec City is a two-day guided tour of Quebec City and Tadoussac, leaving from Montreal. Get a guided tour of historic Quebec City plus time to spend on your own. ​After the scenic drive to Tadoussac, hop on board a whale watching vessel, and keep an eye out for the belugas, minkes, and humpbacks that dwell in the St. Lawrence waters. Frequently Asked Questions How far is it from Montreal to Quebec City? Quebec City is 158 miles up the Saint Lawrence River, northeast of Montreal. How long is the drive from Montreal to Quebec City? There are two main options for driving between Montreal and Quebec City, both of which take about three hours. The slightly quicker way is along Highway 20 on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, while the north shore route along Highway 40 is slightly more scenic. How long is the train from Montreal to Quebec City? Depending on how many stops there are on your itinerary, the journey from Montreal to Quebec City should only take between three and four hours. AbstractUnder international human rights law, the breach of human rights and its consequences lie with a contracting state rather than the perpetrator, because only states have the power and the duty to establish the laws and maintain institutions that ensure the respect and protection of such rights. An important question that will be discussed in this section is what exactly is a human rights violation? Put into perspective, why does torture or trafficking committed by the state, or a failure to take appropriate measures to proscribe it, constitute a violation of human rights whereas the same conduct perpetrated by a private individual is considered a crime. Article 2 of the Draft Articles specifies the conditions required to establish the breach of an international obligation. First, there must be conduct involving some action or omission that is attributable to the state under international law. Second, the conduct must constitute a breach of an international obligation in force in that state. This section discusses the nature and scope of States’ Obligations under international human rights law. Additionally, insight is provided into how the Palermo Protocol operates interdependently with International Human Rights Law to balance the shared goals of preventing the crime, protecting victims, and prosecuting traffickers. 2009, pp. 175, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, as contained in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 53rd Session, UN Doc A/55/10 2000 Art. Szablewska 2007, p. Article 21. 1993, pp. 297–318; Schabas 2003, pp. 908– Nations General Assembly 1966, p. Human Rights Comm., General Comment No. 31 The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant ¶ 8, Doc. CCPR/C/21/ May 24, 2006. 2009, pp. 437, 2006, pp. 379, Protocol, Article 51; ICCPR, Article 22; United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking, E/2002/68/ 2002, principle 2004. 2014. 2012, pp. 29– of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001, Article 15, United Nations 2005; Cf. OHCHR 2014; State Responsibility, A/ and Add. 1–7, 271998 James Crawford, First report on State responsibility on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Eleventh Session, General Recommendation No. 19 Violence Against Women, art. 9 1989. 2014. Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment, Rep. No. 4 Ser. C ¶ 172 29 July 1988; see also the development of the concept of due diligence in Jessica Lenahan v. United States Inter-American Commission 2011. For example, “due diligence” is implicitly enshrined in Article 2 1 2014. 2017, p. at v. Greece, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 71545/12, Judgment, ¶¶ 70–72 21 January 2011; Siliadin v. France, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 73316/01, Judgment 2005, ¶¶ 70–72; Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment, Application , ¶ 285, 7 January 2010. at ¶ 2017, p. For an example of circumstances where the state was not found in violation of its positive obligation because the harm was not foreseeable, see Rantsev, supra note 26, at ¶ 222; and Mastromatteov v. Italy, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment, App. No. 37703/97, ¶¶ 178– 2017, pp. 327– at 328; See E. and Others v. the United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 33218/96, Judgment, ¶ 99 26 November 2002. v. Ireland, [GC] App. No. 35810/09, 28 January 2014, para. 149; see also Salakhov and Islyamova v. Ukraine, App. 28005/08, 14 March 2013, para. 2017, p. Chowdury and Others v. Greece, supra note 15 at ¶¶110– Nestorova, Executive Secretary, Secretariat of the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings GRETA and Committee of the Parties, CoE, Understanding human trafficking in the private economy-forms, industries and sectors involved, latest trends and responsibility of the private sector Conference “The Public-Private Partnership in the Fight against Human Trafficking” Moscow, July 20–21, 2017. v. Ireland [GC] App no. 35819/09 ECtHR, January 28, 2014 ¶ Opuz v Turkey App no 33401/02 ECHR 9 June 2009. The Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence 2011, article 5, has also adopted a due diligence standard in the protection of human rights Parties shall take the necessary legislative and other measures to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, punish, and provide reparation for acts of violence covered by the scope of this Convention that are perpetrated by non-state Ivette Gonzales and Others v Mexico, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C No 205, Judgment, ¶ 284 15 November 2009. Res 48/104, UN GAOR, 48th sess, 85th plen mtg, UN Doc A/48/49 December 20, 1993. GAOR 1995. at Maastricht, 22–26 January 1997, [18] Maastricht Guidelines’. Although not legally binding, the Maastricht Guidelines have served as persuasive aids in the interpretation of economic, social, and cultural Talmon 2019, p. 2009, p. 2004, pp. 17– 2017, pp. 325– 2001. Alliance Against Traffic in Women GAATW 2017, p. Alliance Against Traffic in Women GAATW 2017, p. of Regional and Sub-Regional Structures, supra note 53, at 4– 2006. of Regional and Sub-Regional Structures, supra note 53, at 4– the APDF & IHRDA v. Republic of Mali case, for example, an NGO filed a complaint to the African Court alleging that certain provisions of the Malian Persons and Family Code were not in compliance with the Protocol to African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa the Maputo Protocol. Xavier Damiba and Laurent Nare, Proverbes Mossi Abidjan, 1999 proverb no. 785. 2005, pp. 145, 170; see also OHCHR, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, Recommended Principles on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, principle 2010, p. 2003, p. 2008a, pp. 171– Crime Convention, Article 16. Legislative Guide to the Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols, Part I, ¶¶403, 414– supra note 69; United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Res. 55/25, Doc. A/45/49 Vol. I 2001 art. 16 10; Id. at 193–241; UNODC Toolkit, supra note 73, at 119–172; Commentary on the Recommended Principles and Guidelines, supra note 68, at 203– Convention on Extradition 1994. 2010, p. Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, Articles 18–19; see also UNODC 2008b. 2010, pp. 1, Dep’t of State, supra note supra note 81, at Baseline Assessment, supra note 55, at 20– and Kigbu 2015, p. Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 Nigeria Jun. 2010. Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014 Nigeria Jun. 2014. 2001. 2006, pp. 377, 399–400. ReferencesChirwa DM 2004 The doctrine of state responsibility as a potential means of holding private actors accountable for human rights. Melbourne J Int Law 517–18. SO 2013 The human being as a commodity responding to the trafficking and trading of persons in West Africa, Kofi Annan Peacekeeping Training Centre, September 2013. 2001 Declaration on the fight against trafficking in persons. Convention on Extradition 1994 Article 2. The Protocol of 2005 provided for the establishment of a regional Criminal Intelligence and Investigation Bureau CIIB for the West African region Google Scholar Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women GAATW 2017 Facilitating migration and fulfilling rights – to reduce smuggling of migrants and prevent trafficking in persons, 5. JO 1992 International extradition issues arising under the dual criminality requirement. 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UNICEF 6-7, 19 February 2001. W 2003 Punishment of non-state actors in non-international armed conflict. Fordham Int Law J 26908–909 Google Scholar Siliadin v. France, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 73316/01, Judgment 2005 Google Scholar Stoyanova V 2017 Human trafficking and slavery reconsidered conceptual limits and state’s positive obligations in European law. CUP Google Scholar Szablewska N 2007 Non-state actors and human rights in non-international armed conflicts. S Afr Yearb Int Law 32346 Google Scholar Talmon S 2019 The procedural obligation under Article 2 ECHR to investigate and cooperate with investigations of unlawful killings in a cross-border context. Hum Rights Int Law 1399 Google Scholar UN GAOR 1995 The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action adopted by the Beijing Fourth World Conference on Women reaffirmed this principle Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Annex I, UN Doc. A/ Google Scholar United Nations General Assembly 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Treaty Series 999 December 1966, p 171 Google Scholar UNODC 2006 Training manual assistance for the implementation of the ECOWAS plan of action against trafficking in persons, at V. 2008a Toolkit to combat trafficking in persons, Sales No. 171–173. 2008b Toolkit to combat trafficking in persons, Sales No. references Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsSaint Thomas University, Miami Gardens, FL, USAPaul V. I. Sidlawinde KarengaAuthorsPaul V. I. Sidlawinde KarengaYou can also search for this author in PubMed Google ScholarList of Cases/DocumentsList of Cases/Documents Trafficking in persons Enhancing Criminal Investigation, Prosecution and Victim/witness Protection in African and European Countries, Africa-EU Partnership Working Group Dec. 1, 2011, United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Res. 55/25, Doc. A/45/49 Vol. I 2001 art. 16 10.; Id. at 193–241; UNODC Toolkit, supra note 73, at 119–172; OHCHR, Commentary on the Recommended Principles and Guidelines, 2010 supra note 68, at 203–212. APDF & IHRDA v. Republic of Mali, AfCHPR 15, No. 046/2016 20180. Chowdury and Others v. Greece, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 21884/15, Judgment ¶ 124 ¶ 73 30 Mar. 2017, Chowdury and Others v. Greece, note 15 at ¶¶110–115 Claudia Ivette Gonzales and Others v Mexico, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series C No 205, Judgment, ¶ 284 15 November 2009. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Eleventh Session, General Recommendation No. 19 Violence Against Women, art. 9 1989. Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, as contained in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its 53rd Session, UN Doc A/55/10 2000 E. and Others v. the United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, App. No. 33218/96, Judgment, ¶ 99 26 November 2002. ECOWAS Common Approach on Migration, ECOWAS Comm. Jan. 18, 2008, ECOWAS Convention on Extradition A/P1/8/94, adopted on 6 August 1994, entered into force December 8, 2005 ECOWAS Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters A/P1/7/92, adopted on 29 July 1992, entered into force on 28 October 1998, 2329 UNTS 301 ECOWAS Convention. ECOWAS Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, Articles 18–19. Fact Sheet on the Extradition Treaty, Embassies and Consulates in the Nov. 16 2011, Francois Xavier Damiba and Laurent Nare, Proverbes Mossi Abidjan, 1999 proverb no. 785. GA Res 48/104, UN GAOR, 48th sess, 85th plen mtg, UN Doc A/48/49 December 20, 1993. ICCPR Human Rights Comm., General Comment No. 31 The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant ¶ 8, Doc. CCPR/C/21/ May 24, 2006. Id.; FMM West Africa, Counter-Trafficking Baseline Assessment 19–21 2017, Investigation and Monitoring, Nat’l. Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons, Jessica Lenahan v. United States Inter-American Commission 2011. Koraou v. Niger, ECOWAS Community Court of Justice, Judgment, No. ECW/CCJ/APP/0808, ¶¶ 82–85 Oct. 27, 2008 available at v. Greece, European Court of Human Rights, Application No. 71545/12, Judgment, ¶¶ 70–72 21 January 2011. 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Legislative Guide to the Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols, Part I, ¶¶403, 414–417. Petya Nestorova, Executive Secretary, Secretariat of the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings GRETA and Committee of the Parties, CoE, Understanding human trafficking in the private economy-forms, industries and sectors involved, latest trends and responsibility of the private sector Conference “The Public-Private Partnership in the Fight against Human Trafficking” Moscow, July 20–21, 2017. Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, No. 25965/04, ECtHR, ¶204 January 7, 2010 Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, No. 25965/04, ECtHR, ¶203 January 7, 2010 Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001, Article 15, United Nations 2005. State Responsibilities to Regulate and Adjudicate Corporate Activities Corporate Activities under the United Nations’ core Human Rights Treaties, OHCR, 3 June 2007 State Responsibility, A/ and Add. 1–7, 271998 James Crawford, First report on State responsibility The Cost of Coercion Global Report on the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, ILO 42–43 May 12, 2009, The Impact of Free Movement and the Challenges of Migration, Migr. Dialogue for W. Afr. MIDWA Aug. 23, 2016, The Role of Naptip in the Control of Human Trafficking in Nigeria 2004–2009, Kubanni 103, Thematic Meeting on Trafficking in Human Beings and the Smuggling of Migrants, Int’l Ctr. Migr. 10 Dec. 3, 2015, Trafficking in persons Enhancing Criminal Investigation, Prosecution and Victim/witness Protection in African and European Countries, Africa-EU Partnership Working Group Dec. 1, 2011, Training for TIP Nat’l Focal Points, Int’l Training Ctr. of the Int’l Lab. Org., Action for Cooperation Against Trafficking in Persons, Summary of Regional and Sub-Regional Structures and Initiatives to Counter Trafficking in Persons 4–5 Dec. 2010, [hereinafter Summary of Regional and Sub-Regional Structures]. High Commissioner for Human Rights, Draft Compendium of Trafficking-Related Tools Developed at the Regional Level, at 39, Ofc. on Drugs and Crime “UNODC”, Regional Strategy for Combating Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants 2015–2020, Dep’t of Just., Attorneys’ Manual § 9– Apr. 2018, Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 Nigeria Jun. 2008 Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2008 Nigeria Jun. 2008, Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 Ghana Jun. 2010, Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 Nigeria Jun. 2010. Dep’t of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014 Nigeria Jun. 2014. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking, E/2002/68/ 2002, Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment, Rep. No. 4 Ser. C ¶ 172 29 July 1988. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, ¶ 66 c, Doc. A/8010/ 1970 accessed from Rights and permissions Copyright information© 2022 The Authors, under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG About this chapterCite this chapterKarenga, 2022. States’ Obligations Under International Human Rights Law. In A West African Model to Address Human Trafficking. Springer, Cham. 02 February 2022 Publisher Name Springer, Cham Print ISBN 978-3-030-88119-1 Online ISBN 978-3-030-88120-7eBook Packages Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology R0

to state rules and obligations